Inflation & Gravity

Primordial Synthesis 

 

Once again my account varies drastically to the high energy big bang account of the formation of matter, but the term primordial synthesis is too good to abandon. I contend that primordial synthesis of matter is in fact at the LOWEST end of the energy cycle and electromagnetic waves “collapse” into sub atomic particles. Wow … I am going to be crucified!!!!!!!!!!!

 

Where does primordial synthesis take place? What defines the parameters that make an area of space suitable for primordial synthesis?

 

 

• 3 D Standing waves – mass

 

The time has come for me to define mass as I understand it. We have spent time accentuating the fact that electromagnetic waves and even their basic space forming standing waves are single dimensional in their spatial needs. They are called plane waves for this very reason. The fact that they have an electric and magnetic field perpendiclar to each other increases this spatial need to two single dimensions of our 3 dimensional space. It is however the wavelength direction that is the driving force (remember the right hand rule of electrodynamices?) of space creation and maintenance. 3 D space thus needs to be maintained by wavelength pressure in all three dimensions to exist. We have contended that the standing waves forming space have inertia and are “standing still” (as much as any free falling body is “standing still”). As we have stated previously this inertial fabric of space allows the propagation of electromagnetic waves at 300 000 km per second through it. This propagation “through” the fabric like any other wave actually involves its medium. What are we saying here? Yes, the propagating electromagnetic wave involves the standing wave of space in its propagation. In this way the energy of the propagating wave is transferred to the standing wave which transferred to the next wave as the propagating wave passes. Now we come to the juicy bit … when one of these standing waves of the correct wavelength absorbs the correct amount of energy from the maze of electromagnetic waves passing that specific point which lifts the resonance to the next harmonic level something special happens. The new spatial format twists from its previous plane (two times one dimensional) spatial need to a three dimensional standing wave. There is nothing sinister in this need. It is merely governed by efficiency. What is however “sinister” is the fact that all of a sudden this standing wave becomes “visible” to us. We discussed earlier the problem of space not being visible to our instuments or perception. Well, this three dimensional object for whatever reason IS visible and detectable. In our great wisdom we have called this format of wave energy MASS. Perhaps proto-mass is more appropriate because unless this wave gets involved in a more stable format it will disappear as quickly as it appeared. This is the subject of the next section. But, first we must investigate under what conditions this three dimensional transformation happens.

 

Firstly I would guess that the standing waves that form mass would have to be in the gamma or x-ray area of the spectrum to enable the formation of such tiny standing waves and secondly the ratio between the amplitude and wavelength would have to have reached a balance that could resonate harmonically within the constraints of the future “particles” spatial dimensions. By this I mean that a gamma wave that is crunched up by gravitation probably contains too much energy to risk being involved in a three dimensional “particle” because the too much energy within this “proto-particle” would have to be emitted to sustain the 3D form. This lower energy particle would now be out of kilter with its electromagnetic surrounding space and disappear into the background space almost before it was formed. A more likely scenario would involve a more controlled approach. Let’s assume that the gamma wavelength (or space) is inflating away from the black hole and while relativity ensures that the frequency remains constant the only thing that is changing is the ratio between the amplitude and the wavelength (as the wavelength inflates, the amplitude decreases). We know that harmonic resonance will only occur when amplitudes, frequencies and wavelengths are matched by certain ratios and the changing ratio provides the “tuning” of the wave to meet the required energy to space ratio for collapse into the 3D format. This could happen at any stage of the inflationary space, but my gut feel says that certain distances from mass or at a certain density of space these features will be in cahoots and the chances for harmonic resonance would be good.

Remember that the sub atomic particles are flitting, unstable protoparticles that appear and disappear into the background space at the drop of a hat! The only chance they have for long term survival is to be in an area where many sub atomic particles are being formed in the hope that sufficient particles are present to promote contact with each other to bond in the formation of a more stable particle like a proton. With this in mind the correct density of space must be the key to these various harmonic resonant states. These areas of space could be seen as spawning grounds or nurseries for matter and I contend that they may represent areas of “cold dark matter” that are so important to the stability of our galaxies and universe.  (These mass forming areas will be discussed later under Cold Dark Matter and also under Giant molecular clouds).

Within these “nurseries” the interplay of energy between the three spatial dimensions and one time dimension framework (…no hocus pocus of 10 or 26 dimensions…) takes place. It is important to grasp that each single dimensional wave can be positioned at any angle or direction within the 3D framework. Because of the weightless bosonic nature of each wave they can populate the same 3D space in a criss cross manner (Pauli’s exclusion principle does not apply to bosons). However mutual interaction like superposition and deletion must certainly apply. In fact their interaction is the part of the fabric of space. This maze of interactions defies identification in a sense, because superimposition or negation of energy at any one point is constantly changing. The attainment of this state is NOT just a messy chance business. It is a defined harmonic that tunes itself through inflation to create the resonance. This can be seen as a “force” that moulds the standing wave out of the energy from the gazillions of waves.

The basic concept involves seeing a standing wave using all three spatial dimensions, a conformation which I contend is crucial to the manifestation of mass.

 

This “collapse” into to a 3D standing wave form is perceived and recognized by us as mass and is the lowest energy state regarding the inflationary drive because of its space efficiency. The single dimensional electric wave and its 2^nd dimension partner of the magnetic wave thus collapse into the third spatial dimension of the standing wave to be experienced as mass. As the EM wave dissipates its energy through inflation it achieves the required wave characteristics, the standing wave can become a possibility due to the fact that other waves from opposite directions are compatible because they have also gone through this inflationary history. The most probable area of space where this is likely to occur is somewhere where the inflation has largely dissipated but before the space density reduces too far due to the radial nature of emission from the massive body (mainly the galactic black hole)

I would guess that not all frequencies would participate in the standing wave harmonies, but that the mass spawning nursery would require rather specific combinations of waves (probably in the gamma and x-ray region which are natural to the cycle and that the process is not just a chance once off occurrence.

I would like to add to the view of 3D space depicting merely an area of high energy density of space itself the 3D object, which has to undergo a dimensional “transformation” to distinguish itself from space. Imagine a standing wave having to “twist” itself to be able to connect the end of the wave to the starting point. Remember that this wave has to perpetuate its own motion and has to contort to achieve this conformation. This conformation allows massive accumulations of energy without increasing the space needed. In fact, this space energy absorption is part of the energy dissipation side of the cycle, providing more “space area” for waves to reach their harmonic conformation. AT THE SAME TIME this proto-mass or 3D, standing wave knot, is the beginning of the next stage of the cycle where energy is concentrated into mass. Concentration of energy into 3D mass makes more space available for dissipation of wave energy through Inflation. This is fundamental to understanding how mass and gravity initiate the next stage of compactification and accretion of energy to eventually end up in a black hole again which is the main generator of space creating emissions.

 

 

• Quarks, electrons and neutrinos

 

This concept of “mass” needs some probing. Of course the type of electromagnetic waves will determine the characteristics of the resultant standing wave. These characteristics can only be determined by harmonies and resonances of the standing wave that fit into the energy levels and wave forms that resonate to create a semblance of stability. The various sub atomic particles each have their typical standing wave resonances (which could be facilitated by the Higgs waveform …but more of that later) Each of the basic sub atomic particles that are the most stable like quarks, electrons and neutrinos has their own resonances and will remain in “chemical” balance with the electromagnetic waves by forming, disappearing and reforming constantly depending on their “concentrations” locally.

The fact that these “particles” are in balance with their electromagnetic wave environment gives me the feeling that they are probably still “aligned” with the constituent 2 x 1D electromagnetic waves that formed them. This alignment is related to the fact that the standing wave of the space fabric (Higgs???) has to absorb this energy from the propagating wave passing it. The instability of their existence reflects the fact that some of their constituent energy source is passing that inertial point at 300 000 km per second and can easily de-energise the proto-mass by stealing the energy back into electromagnetic radiation and in so doing cause them to once again become part of the propagating wave set. This is well demonstrated by watching a river flowing downstream of a weir. The standing wave is created and destroyed constantly by subtle nuances of the flow of currents.

Quote: “All particles can be created from energy and vanish into energy”.

 

The whole universe appears as a dynamic web of inseparable energy patterns meshed into and forming part of the electromagnetic fabric of space. A primordial sub atomic particle cannot be seen as an isolated entity, but rather as an integrated part of a whole. Space is not uniform and the local environment will determine what harmonics it will become involved in. Later when we have discussed Relativity this point I now make will become more obvious, but at this point I must concede that the area of space (27 000 light years away from our black hole) that earth inhabits is NOT suitable for matter creation, otherwise our noble attempts to create matter would have been a lot easier. As I have contended before, homeostasis is the process that tunes space to reach the correct densities for the specific frequency to induce matter creation. This is the element of the homeostatic model that is the most difficult to accept because it is the portion of the cycle that invokes quantum mechanics. This is such a massively complex study that my simplistic entrée must seem like Alice in Wonderland entering a dream world. But here we are. I do not pretend to know ANYTHING about the complex nature of spin, colour charge and other characteristics of the many particles (electrons, electron neutrinos, Muon, Tau, up quarks, down quarks, charm or strange quarks, etc) and which are truly primordial in this sense (discussed shortly), but I am merely trying to convey that these particles are being formed constantly within a homeostatic system. This will become an essential part of the discussion on Dark Matter later where theoretical “particles” like neutralinos will be invoked. These hypothetical particles also form into this primordial standing wave family. It is difficult to realise that even though these “particles” are flitting in and out of existence they constitute 22% (or even more in our model) of the mass in the universe!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! They cannot be seen, they do not interact with electromagnetic radiation without being changed themselves, but they are gravitationally of supreme importance. More of this later.

 

Peter Higgs came up with the concept that there was a ubiquitous “field” that caused a sort of drag on the waves that passed through it and in some way it initiated and became part of the resulting mass. This field is associated with all the four primordial particles (electron, neutrino, up quark and down quark) and is according to Higgs the most basic prerequisite of mass. The way that I interpret this “field” is one of dimension. The standing wave which forms the fabric of space (that is the Higgs field??) does impose a drag on the electromagnetic waves; in fact, being “stationary” it stops the energy from propagating electromagnetic waves in its tracks by absorbing it into the standing wave at that point of space. The crucial synthesis of this new standing wave involves the absorption of the “correct” amount of electromagnetic energy to create the harmonic resonance that is a quark for instance. How long this resonance can be sustained is of course another story which will be discussed in the next chapter, but let’s stick to this first step and the conditions necessary to initiate this wonderful ability of space.

The basic definition of mass is based on the fact that it occupies all three spatial dimensions and is “stationary”. It cannot share space with other particles, but rather absorbs their energy within its 3D wave structure and either changes it’s conformation or emits the energy again. This Higgs Field certainly coincides with my concept of space.

 

The existence of a Higgs “particle” however does not really change my way of thinking about sub-atomic particles. If it exists it must represent a certain standing wave pattern that is fundamental to mass creation. These three dimensional “Ghosts” or potential standing waves need one thing to convert them into massive particles. They need to be given the energy to precipitate the 3D standing wave conformation which is experienced as a specific sub atomic particle. This energy can only come from the electromagnetic waves themselves. All these ghost “particles” must come from the same mass and tension per unit length that is determined by the features of the local space. There is no difference between the waves making up a proton ghost or an electron ghost or even a photon ghost (photon is the only exception-see later). This standing wave proto-particle is what has been called the “Gods particle” or Higgs Particle. This ghost particle is merely a specific standing energy pattern just like the other ghost Sub Atomic Particles except that it has a temporary identifying pattern and energy of its own which is common to all the sub atomic particles. Quite frankly, I would be surprised if this “intermediate step” or Higgs “particle” is found because it would have to represent a three dimensional “particle” which is common to the truly primordial particles. This I doubt.

 

Let’s move on from Higgs and realise that it is at this point of primordial synthesis that energy stops sharing space with other waves (Pauli’s exclusion principle) and the standing waves of the very essence or fabric of space start absorbing energy from passing propagating waves … and in a tiny way the essence of GRAVITATION is born!!!!!!!!! (See more detail in section on Gravitation)

Although the standing waves of the sub-atomic particles are constantly interacting with electromagnetic waves their harmonic stability gives them the measure of autonomy they need to break away from the background waves taking energy with them into a much more efficient 3 dimensional wave pattern.  This gained autonomy is constantly at risk of being drawn back into the seething mass of single dimensional waves. In this way a quark may flash into existence due to a certain amount or pattern of energy modifying the vibration. But this excited state is temporary because the basic harmony will reject the passenger energy it absorbed to form the quark most of the time to return to the comfortable basic harmony. If however two other excited quarks are in the vicinity the ultimate proton structure could follow. I say this is ultimate because protons don’t flash in and out of existence like quarks.  The autonomy of the standing waves temporarily creates a soup of opportunity for reactions with other standing waves forms and their temporary patterns. My guess would be that the end result of primordial synthesis would be only once protons and electrons have been formed. The reason for this is that even though the quark would have mass and therefore absorb electromagnetic waves,  its stability is not good enough to be the concrete basis upon which the subsequent nucleosynthesis process could rely. Any absorption of energy would probably lead to annihilation or re-absorption of the quark. Even the proton would use the first opportunity to form Hydrogen atoms and then subsequently Hydrogen molecules. So although protons can be found in space I would possibly consider the formation of Hydrogen still part of primordial synthesis.

I would like to point out at this point that emissions of particles from the many emitting bodies like stars, supernovae and even black holes must also get involved with primordial synthesis. You may even find that their presence is important to precipitate further mass creation. This becomes important when things like pair production of electrons and quarks are concerned because although sufficient energy is the main thrust of this article, other characteristics like electric charge, colour charge etc, etc, etc, etc, have to be satisfied before stability can be reached. The most obvious or likely event is the formation of electrons and positrons from the local energy. These particle antiparticle events are short-lived because they would reunite through annihilation releasing the gained energy … unless the the electron was grabbed by a nearby proton from some previous emission event. This leaves the positron to grab some other newly created electron and so on. Pair production must occur with all particles that have some form of differentiating characteristic like charge. Neutrinos may be formed a priori for instance (especially considering their low mass) but let’s not get ahead of ourselves.

It seems to be emerging that primordial synthesis has to be split into at least three phases:

 

• First, the true primordial synthesis of electrons, neutrinos, up and down quarks. These particles cannot be subdivided and their weights are within the energy capability of gamma rays (or their two dimensional standing waves) to create. More of this shortly.
• The second phase requires the amalgamation of two or more of these primordial masses (or any other mass in the vicinity). This requires the particles to be able to approach each other to a distance which could seal the union with the addition of more external electromagnetic energy from passing waves. The main force preventing this would be electric charge. Of course the binding energy becomes an issue as well and I will attempt a possible sequential scenario shortly.
• The third phase would actually entail the attractive force between the charged particles that were not formed by pair production. This would in my mind the end of primordial synthesis because from now on the binding energies are beyond the sort of size that a gamma ray photon could contribute. From here on gravity starts to play its insidious role which I would rather view as nucleosynthesis which will be discussed later. The fact that there is still a relatively large gap in getting these particles close enough for gravity to start playing an effective role will require the intermediate steps of turbulence in molecular clouds which will also be discussed in later.

 

For now we need to examine a possible scenario which involves the energy levels of the first phase of primordial synthesis. Are these required levels for synthesis attainable from space which we have classically viewed as “nothing”?

Let’s start with something that has the best chance of success. High energy gamma rays. Let’s assume that the area of space we are discussing is made up of these high energy waves with a frequency in the order of 2 x 10²⁰ cycles per second and a wavelength of about 1.5 x 10^-12 metres. A single photon of these waves carries an energy of:

 

                                    E = h f (Planck’s constant x frequency)

 

                                        =   (6.626 x 10^-34) x 2 x 10²⁰

 

    =   13.25 x 10^-14 Joules.

 

 

One Mega electron volt (MeV) = 1.602 x 10^-13 Joules.

 

Therefore the energy of the single photon is about:

 

E = 13.25 x 10^-14 / 1.602 x 10^-13

 

                                        =   8.27 x 10^-1 MeV (or 0.8 MeV)

 

Let’s now compare these magnitudes to the mass of our primordial candidates:

 

First the electron –   9.11 x 10^-31 kg

 

To find its energy (E =mc²) we need to multiply by the speed of light squared

 

                                    (9.11 x 10^-31 kg) x (3 x 10⁸ m/sec)²

 

                                    = 81.99 x 10^-15 joule

 

= 0.5063 x 10⁶ eV (or 0.5 MeV)

 

Usually the binding energy of particles is a fraction of the particle’s mass (say 5%) but here we have to have enough energy to form the whole particle. Considering that we probably have to create a positron as well (pair production) we will have to double that to about 1 MeV, but assuming that the two dimensional standing wave comprising space at that point has double the energy of a propagating wave of the same frequency. (This is classical physics)  We now have a “standing photon” with the energy in the order of 1.6 MeV which is more than enough to create the electron-positron pair.

 

Now if we look at the other three primordial particles:

 

                                    Neutrino –   2.2 eV

Up quark – 2.4 MeV

Down quark – 4.8 MeV

 

It seems as though the neutrino is not a problem especially as it is neutral and does not have to be formed as a pair????

The quarks however do have charge and would have to be formed via pair formation. The order of energy needed is only about five times more than the electron which is not a problem because gamma rays can of course be of quite a few orders more in frequency … here we do not even need one extra order. A gamma ray with a frequency of 2 x 10^{21 f}or instance would have more than enough energy.

 

 

Another reason the gamma ray is important in this regard is because its wavelength compares to the size of these particles.

 

The next phase of primordial synthesis is to get some of these particles to bind. The binding energy is usually a small percentage of the mass of larger particles but with quarks I understand that their rest mass only contributes to a small portion of the mass of a neutron for instance. I have already trodden too far into this excessively complex field and think it wise to bow out with just a few more cheeky comments.

Firstly, I would like to emphasise that this process will never occur in isolation. There are gazillions of reactions happening in one area and the sequence of binding events must involve other particles from emissions, virtual particles, paired particles as well as energy from standing waves of space, propagting waves, emissions from nearby reactions, dark matter in whatever form, molecular clouds etc etc so much that my mind boggles, but please don’t tell me that only the Big bang can produce particles!!!!!!!!

 

This quagmire of synthesis is ironically the lowest energy conformation from the point of view of kinetic energy and at the same time the highest potential energy regarding the future gravitational pull toward the galactic black hole or temporarily some other massive object. The future accretion of mass due to space being absorbed between such particles is the starting point of nucleosynthesis and energy concentration in the form of mass.

This view of primordial synthesis conforms with the view of Riemann that space partakes in physical events. It also implies Lorentz’s view of fields being a state of space at that point. Einstein also contended that space has no existence seperate from a field.

The primordial synthesis of matter from “space” has been described as “particles flashing in and out of existence”. This beautiful description of primordial synthesis describes the process amazingly well, because the collapse of the many single dimensional EM waves traversing the point of space in multidirectional paths, superimposing and interfering will collapse into a three dimensional standing waveform only at the point when the local set of waves can combine to support this collapse or standing wave. This would appear as though the 3 D particle has emerged out of nothing. This is not true… space is not “nothing”. It is the sum total of all the electromagnetic waves at that point. This energy cannot be seen unless it is visible light with its propagation direction directly into the eye or if it collides with another particle and reflects or emits a ray on your direction. The flashing into existence is true primordial synthesis and it is happening all the time. Sure, there may be certain areas of space brimming on the brink of this collapse which would be more prone to synthesis but this is not the purpose of this paper.

Summary of Postulates relating to this Section   The Dark Energy that represents the sum total of the electromagnetic wave energy in space is of un-imaginable magnitude. This energy is moving at the speed of light Standing waves formed in this seething mass of propagating and space forming waves are the primordial masses (sub atomic particles) being formed. The fact that standing waves “stand still” amidst the rest of the waves travelling at the speed of light gives them the property of inertia. These subatomic particles are quarks, electrons and neutrinos depending on the standing wave form created.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

• Cold Dark Matter 

 

Classically 23% (more in our model – maybe 44%) of the universe is made of dark matter which is totally invisible to us. This does not imply that I predict more dark matter, but rather less dark energy as discussed under a previous section on dark energy.

The proto-mass and sub atomic particles (quarks, electrons and neutrinos) discussed in the previous section is in my mind the main contender for Cold Dark Matter. These particles “qualify” in the sense that they are non-baryonic and “invisible” in that they are not emitting or reflecting light in the same way as normal matter. The conversion of the “sub atomic particle” back to electromagnetic wave energy at the drop of a hat does not mean that the mass itself is insignificant. On the contrary in our own galaxy it outweighs all the stars by a factor of ten.

It is important to note that to obtain these “particles” has not required energy INPUT but is still part of the energy dissipationary drive of the Energy Cycle. This does however represent a sort of concentration of energy by the formation of a more compact region of space due to stationary compact nature of the standing wave, but at the same time space is being vacated of energy locally and thus the energy dissipation drive of inflation is promoted. This characteristic of inertia is fickle however because any further absorption of electromagnetic energy (which is a primal ability of true mass) from the surrounding waves actually disrupts the “particle” and woof … it has disappeared. For this reason these mass nurseries are in regions of space where this re-absorbtion is less likely to occur due to inflation “fine tuning” the amplitude (measure of the energy within the standing wave) to wavelength ratio is optimal with relation to the maze of propagating waves in the area.

A lot of these quarks and sub atomic particles must account for the abundance of “dark matter” which will only become visible as mass once and if the next step of conglomeration into first atoms then molecules takes place. This interplay or dance of existence as mass or space is the essence of dark matter and even though the gravitational interaction between each “particle” is not even big enough to cause aggregation of the particles, the sum total of their gravitational capacity accounts for more than 23% of the gravitational capacity of the galaxy and by extension the universe.

 

Even protons, hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules will be “invisible” until they are condensed enough to start creating and retaining heat. Molecular clouds will start off at the surrounding temperature of the space around them (just above -273 degrees C, in fact 2,7 degrees K if my theory is correct that Cold Dark Matter is the source of Cosmic Background Microwave radiation – will discuss later) and therefore radiate at this temperature. Remember that mass not only absorbs electromagnetic energy but radiates it as well. As discussed under the section on Black Body Radiation the temperature of the radiating body will be reflected in its frequency. This radiation is classically ascribed to the Big Bang radiation that has cooled down for 13,7 billion years … more of this later when we discuss cosmological considerations.

It is interesting to note that the local gravitational effect of this cold dark matter is negligible, but in the context of the galactic gravitational influence the effect is much more than that of the visible matter. This gravitational influence has major relevance to the cosmological view of the universe (see later) but almost minimal effect on our galactic cycle of energy. Only once the concentration of this matter is brought about by other incidental means does gravitation become effective and relevant to the cycle. 

Summary of Postulates relating to this Section   The subatomic particles formed by standing waves are fickle in the sense that they may disintegrate back into the background waves that created the standing wave in the first place. Despite their fickleness they DO display mass characteristics. Mass characteristics are: 3 dimensional wave form the ability to absorb and emit radiation (electromagnetic wave energy) This fickle mass makes up a portion of so-called Dark Matter.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

• 3D construction – atoms 

 

The mere formation and length of survival of quarks determines the chances of their involvement in the next stage of synthesis where Quarks would join resonances in threes and in doing so would absorb other more fleeting and temporary distinct resonances (gluons) to form a more stable resonance. 

This next step clinches the deal. If the concentration of quarks is sufficient for them to come into contact, three quarks will “remove” some extra energy from the surrounding waves in discrete packs of gluon energy. This new harmonic resonance is the first really stable entity – the proton. The proton is the most stable entity in the universe because it represents the LOWEST energy conformation possible in our cycle. This may seem like a contradiction, but remember that the immense energy that has been dissipated by inflation resides in these electromagnetic waves that have created space. The more efficient utilisation of space by the “triple – quark” lies in the fact that it is utilising all three dimensions!!!!!!  This 3 dimensionality is THE basic characteristic of mass and its efficiency is measured by the energy per unit of space. The second important characteristic is the fact that this entity can ABSORB energy waves and even if it radiates the energy immediately, it does not disappear like a quark would. This latter fact endows the newly formed proton with INDEPENDENCE. We will return to these innate qualities of mass when we discuss gravitation. It is at this stage that mass becomes an issue. The proton for instance is three quarks held together by the stability of their mutual harmonic resonance. The concentration of energy within the space taken by the proton is perceived as mass. It is the mass or energy that is bound within the harmonic that our world is made of. Gravity must already be a feature at this stage but is too weak to have any real attractive effect due to the harmonic energy interplay (“electromagnetic force”) around this knot of energy called mass. (Other factors like radiation of absorbed energy will be discussed later) It is only when the accumulative knots of millions (gillions) of protons within a relatively small area of space work together that gravity of the accumulated mass starts to affect the space around it directly. This absorption of the electromagnetic waves or fabric of space is actually mass “stealing” the space around it… a later discussion.