Inflation & Gravity

Structure of the universe

 

Let’s look at a quick summary of our hypothesis so far. The homeostatic view of the Inflation and Gravity balance not only explains the constant creation of space, red shift, inflation and dimensional reality, but also gives an opportunity to present a solution to the nature of dark matter, dark energy and nucleosynthesis. It goes even further to the very core of the mechanism of gravity relating these two phenomena inseparably and their feedback mechanisms maintaining the homeostatic parameters that we observe. I make no pretence to mathematical or even physical expertise, but merely present this hypothesis for more intelligent analysis.

Because mass is something we can perceive, gravity is naturally seen as a primary force. Because we can see through space we interpret it in relation to mass and gravity. This Newtonian view was altered by Einstein by recognising the role of E in mass and the curvature of space. His main frustration was the inability to pin down and explain the cosmological constant which haunted his perception of how space was put together. Field theories have also been littered by the transfer of bosons and even gravitons, but the association of space with inflation was not given enough attention. I think that the inflationary process is the main process to understand and then gravity emerges as we explore the reverse of the cycle. The Cosmological Constant in my cycle is a constant in the same way that the Universal Gravitational Constant (G) is a constant. Just like gravity (g), inflation (i) is an acceleration whose force depends on mass and distance. Inflation as described in this article IS the cosmological factor or sometimes referred to as the anti-gravity factor, but it is important to note that it is large near massive bodies and exponentially gets smaller as “open space” is achieved.

 

Is there not just too much energy contained within the universe with gazillions of galaxies to entertain the concept of a big bang? The understanding of the basic need of energy to attain “normality” through electromagnetic waves attaining their “normal” speed of light seems too much of an overriding and insidious “force” to allow something as violent as a Big Bang. The closest analogous process to a big bang of which we have reasonable proof is a supernova locally and the reason that it exists is based on real observational data and an excellent logical physical explanation. Why would ALL the energy of the universe have the reason or opportunity to accrete to this extreme situation without an Inflationary radiation preventing it?

 

One of the reasons all galaxies (most anyway) look as if they are receding is that they are being viewed through constant inflationary space creation. We have discussed the increased density around a black hole and virtually all masses of any significant size. I would like to suggest that this same principle applies to the galaxy itself. This may seem strange at first but consider the fact that we concluded that the inflation/gravitation density effect around a massive object has to do with the mass and the size of the object. Let’s look at a molecular cloud for instance. The mass it contains may be the same a neutron star but because of the low density the inflation around its surface is moderate. The total amount of space energy (if there were such a concept) could be the same as the neutron star but what it lacked in intensity it would gain in volume and surface area. Acceptance of the energy cycle within the galaxy forces us to accept this relatively mild but incredibly vast space density increase around a galaxy. If this were not the case there would not be any gravitational attraction between galaxies, which we know is not true.

 

OK. So now we have a universe full of galaxies that are inflating and “gravitating” the intermediate space. Where does this leave us with regard to primordial synthesis and the whole nucleosynthesis process in-between galaxies? I don’t know, but I would hate to leave the concept half baked, so let’s speculate even more than we’ve done so far. We have discussed rings or halos of dark matter around galaxies … how far this stretches I have no idea, but I would like to propose that we consider this outlying dark matter part of the galaxy. Even though we cannot see it we will find a way to detect it. I could guess that the incoming waves from other galaxies would join the galactic cycle like blood supplying oxygen to cells in a body. The point, however is that the galaxies are part of this energy cycle and their role in the larger homeostasis mimics the much, much smaller galactic energy cycle. I would like to speculate at this point that there is NO universal black hole and that the homeostatic balance is between galaxies. This “universal black hole” is an implication of some Big Bang theories and the enormity of such a concept is even beyond my crazy imagination. There is no need for a universal black hole and clusters of galaxies form families and families form family clusters. I would like to make the point here that the same “forces” (now I’m including Inflation and Gravity) are in play between galaxies and the intensity of these “forces” are diluted by immense distances. Of course they could get beyond belief in magnitude and extent but just like the density around the galaxy is watered down by the immense surface area, the same happens on a larger and larger scale until there is only minor inflation but from a vast surface area that we could call the “universal inertial mass”. At some point there has to be a negative feedback that limits any process and I could speculate that the universal negative feedback is related to the size of the universe and time. Also remember from our discussions of inflation that time is created at the same time as distance through inflation. No inflation, no space, no energy, no time.

 

So let’s go back to the origin of inflation and extend the hypothesis to include the universe. RIDICULOUS, but let’s do it anyway because our credibility has been stretched so far that we may as well go the whole nine yards. Every galaxy has its own black hole in the centre. These black holes are converting mass back to energy via high energy electromagnetic radiation and through inflation re-creating space time on a “local” (per galaxy) level. The regeneration of space-time (note that we are for the first time using Einstein’s term “space-time) through galactic black holes sustains the system locally and must supply sufficient radiation pressure leaving the galaxy to sustain the mutually created space between galaxies. This continuous space creation from each galaxy has over gazillions of eons established a balance between Inflationary space, angular momentum and Gravitation to sustain its own homeostatic organism … the Universe.

 

But, we can’t leave it at that, because what happens to the waves that don’t get gobbled by mass in some way. What would happen to waves that have reached their extreme inflated wavelength with no time amplitude to drive inflation further. I suppose that if there was NOTHING before inflation started there must still be NOTHING beyond the universal space creation capability which originates within the universal cells (galaxies) Let’s speculate a bit further to find an extreme case of wave speed and low space density to help define the relativity of a wave at the “true” speed of light. Let’s look at this mechanism.

The least intuitive concept to grasp in this overall hypothesis is the one of time being the amplitude of the electromagnetic wave. The evidence is at best circumstantial and the following idea is largely based on the acceptance of this shaky assumption. We have already discussed the equivalence of inertial and gravitational mass and the extension of the concept to embrace the equivalence of the event horison of a black hole and something travelling at the speed of light. There is however a subtle difference at the other end of the inflation model, but let’s investigate.

If an energy wave does not become involved in nucleosynthesis or become absorbed by some sort of mass, what limits its floating off into eternity? This would be too much like an infinity or singularity, terms which do not adorn my vocabulary. OK, so what happens to these “stray” electromagnetic waves? Well, nature always has a negative feedback system and our latest view (previous section on relativity) gives an answer that once again is not an easy intuitive grasp.

As soon as the wave reaches the outer limits of the “mass-defined universe” the space density slowly becomes “really, really normal” for the first time. There is no (or very little) distortion or warping of space by mass and the wave can attain it’s “really, really true” speed. Remember that according to relativity, the speed of light locally will be measured as 300 000km per second anywhere in space, distorted by gravity or not. However, the “universal observer” (in other words God? Certainly not you or me!) will see it differently. He will see the wave slowed down by gravitation next to the mass, inflating and picking up speed as it escapes the warped space and once it leaves the universe’s mass distorted space behind, He will see the wave’s full potential of speed being unleashed. He will also see time unfolding from the slow tick of His universal clock as it leaves mass distorted space, speeding up while the wave is still creating space as it goes. There is however a subtle difference here. The radiation pressure creating space is diminishing for two reasons.

 

• Firstly the radial dissipation factor reduces the number of waves per surface area of the Universal circumference. (Remember also that these are really only the stray waves that have escaped the absorption of some sort of mass or nucleosynthesis inside the mass defined universe.)
• Secondly the existence of space needs inflationary energy to create it and by definition these waves are running out of this amplitudinal energy supplying the driving force of inflation.

 

This means that the space density being entered is so low that it does not exist and there is not enough inflationary pressure (radiation density) to actually create new space. For the first time the wave can reach it’s own limit which takes the form of a negative feedback that controls the continuous inflation of the wave.

 

What imposes that limit? Well, when we started discussing inflation we assumed that there was nothing … not even some medium into which the wave was pushed by inflation. There was nothing and the wave itself became space. Here we have the same situation. There is nothing and to create space we need some inflationary force, but this has been dissipated to the extent of incompetence to create new space. Does it just stop there? Does it represent a sort of boundary? Let’s guess here. What if a negative feedback process took over and to retain the energy the opposite of inflation happened. The wavelength would start to shorten as it pushes up against “no space”, almost like it did as it approached a massive object. The wave must now increase its amplitude (time) to compensate just as special relativity would behave for a mass reaching near the speed of light (the ultimate speed this time !!!!)  As the wave starts attaining speeds near the “universal non-space warped” speed of light it will be instrumental in shortening the rods or space (from God’s outside perspective) and once again dilating time (amplitude). This has to represent some sort of boundary and energy would have to feed back into the universe in the same way that emitted waves interact with incoming space (gravitation).

 

Let’s draw the picture of one wave from emission, through inflation to the inevitable end result of attaining the “speed of light”.

 

 

 

 

Perhaps this is the time to emphasise that an individual wave will travel through the fabric of space adjusting to (but also contributing in its small way to) the warped nature of space. The area of space that it is traversing will basically force it to conform but the if the wave has some extra energy to contribute to that space it will do so … but its effect is only one in a gazillion.

The above drawing thus depicts a single continuous wave leaving the mass dominated part of the universe and traversing space that is warped according to the features we have discussed in this article. The processes within the two extremes of mass and time barrier are sustained by these wave energy inputs and are also the creators of the waves traversing and forming the space in between. This is a continuous process and Inflation and Gravity become as Einstein so cleverly put it merely states of space curvature which affect the passage of anything traversing it (… albeit masses or waves) according to the laws of physics as we know them. 

Let’s define mass (eg black hole) as a DISTANCE BARRIER (boundary) to distinguish it from the speed induced TIME BARRIER (boundary). The subtle difference that I referred to earlier lies in the fact that the mass distortion is limited by DISTANCE or wavelength and the speed distortion is limited by TIME or amplitude. I say this because mass has a visual reality and thus a limit in distance. There cannot be mass without a measure of it … distance or wavelength. On the other hand the speed induced barrier has no such limitations. This wavelength could be virtually nil and no reality check would sound the alarm. If however time got inflated to the ultimate extent, a TIME barrier as the reality check would be my best guess. (Not a singularity though because various systems will utilise this energy.) The result of this would be the possible re-emission of waves from the Time barrier into less dense space within the universe in stead of radiation into the density of “no space” or nothing on the outside. This barrier is sustained by the waves from the universe and radiates back into the universe at a low level, but it forms an impervious layer between space and “nothing”. This Time Barrier has to be maintained in the homeostatic manner appropriate to our homeostatic or Semi-Steady State Universe. A feature of this maintenance is the re-radiation from this thin barrier internally back into the universe.

 

Thus the edge of the universe is born and the interplay of energy between is limited on the universal scale by time. The time barrier needs to be maintained and the relatively small amount of energy that escapes the insidious local energy cycle is what determines the extent and nature of this time barrier. The nature of the ways that this time barrier deals with the continuous input of energy is speculative to say the least. It’s energetic amplitudinal nature implies a thin (minute wavelength) skin of space density with a virtually unlimited capacity to store time energy and I would not be surprised if it (the time barrier) had the capacity to emit electromagnetic waves in a similar way to emission and inflation from a massive object, but only inward from the barrier, thus once again contributing to the energy cycle. Outward emission would be against the energy gradient of time and would be impossible. Internal reflection or even emission seems like a likely candidate for energy balance, but the credibility of this article has already been stretched and to pretend to grasp the nature of this time barrier is even beyond my wild imagination.

 

The solid state theory is an old one that has been rejected. I have revived it in a sense, but combined it with a local form of inflation/gravity cycle that identifies the galaxy as the fundamental unit of cosmology and provides a mechanism for homeostatic balance that emphasises the internal processes continually maintaining the system. This theory in a real sense promotes a semi solid state universe (maybe even a gas analogy). When the wonderful Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) program currently underway documenting galaxies has been completed I am sure that the resultant model of the universe will reflect structural intricacies that are analogous to the molecular structure of matter within a homeostatic system.  It has been said that the continuous creation of matter at a rate of about one nucleon per cubic meter of space every billion years would be necessary to sustain a Steady State Universe. I am of the opinion that this could easily be met by the Homeostatic Model and the Galactic Energy Cycle.

 

At the end of the section on relativity I undertook to revisit relativity in a sort of summary form after we had discussed the time barrier or boundary. Well, if we take a look at the diagram I drew with a large mass at one end of the wave and the time barrier at the other end, it seems to me that this diagram IS the relativity summary that I was referring to.

 

 

 

Anywhere we position ourselves on this wave (A, B or C) we will measure the speed of light as 300 000 km per second, due to the rod shortening (wavelength) and time dilation (Amplitude). The formula c  =  λ x  ƒ (and ƒ= cycles/second) shows that c is dependent on both length and time. Of course relativity is also much more local than this “Creator’s eye view”, but the essentials of both special and general relativity are demonstrated in this diagram. Special relativity is represented by the rod shortening and time dilation related to speed (C) and general relativity by the same features produced by gravity (A). The analogy between these two has been discussed previously and both are brought about by the distortion of space due to the form or shape of the electromagnetic waves at that point. If you understand this diagram, you are the fourth person to understand relativity … congratulations!!!!!!!

Some other thoughts

Isodensity rings around massive objects obviously relate to contours of height around geological features like mountains. The steeper the gradient the close the isodensity rings are concentrically around the object. The further from the object the further the rings are in line with our extensive discussions in the article. One feature however has not been sufficiently explored. That is the position of masses around a black hole of a galaxy. Masses that are in a similar space density to their position from the black hole will be more stable than if there were a mismatch between the density caused by the mass and that caused by the black hole. Remember that there is an ENORMOUS discrepancy between the stars circulating the galaxy and the black hole. The positions that the suns take around the black hole will be a feature of their stability in that orbit. Any discrepancy will have to be balanced by centripetal gravitational forces, angular momentum of the spinning sun or in the last resort, emission. The overall effect will be that the heavier suns will be the closest to the black hole and the lightest further out. This is not co-incidental but a feature of the overall balance of energy. The fervour with which a large sun emits radiation and particles is thus not only due to its internal gravitational nuclear collapse, but also a feature of the sun’s attempt to shed mass in its insidious gravitational drag toward the black hole. These large suns don’t last long and lose much of their mass long before they reach the black hole. In fact I would be surprised if any mass actually ever reaches the black hole intact. This would be the exception rather than the rule. I such cases the black hole itself would merely increase its own emissions to compensate for the extra mass gained. Even a massive star would merely cause a minor “burp” from the black hole. When we thus talk about emission of radiation and particles from a black hole I really am referring to the emissions from the vicinity of the black hole. These are high energy gamma rays.

 

To come back to the position that stars inhabit in the galaxy. Each star has its local density that is superimposed on the galactic black hole density and will generally not affect the density of the local vicinity much. As an example the Earth’s effect must be virtually negligible and the General Relativity warp is difficult to detect.

 

Another aspect is that each body will “float” in the density which it creates. I’m sure that you remember the school experiment of the Cartesian diver. The more pressure in the test tube the lower the test tube floats. In a similar way each body is immersed in its density rings which are a result of its features of energy inherent to its mass, rotational speed around the galaxy, its rotational angular momentum around its own axis and its emission which is a feature of its heat and density. Absorption of radiation and particles from emissions also play a role in this complex sum. We have discussed all this earlier but this is an attempt to relate the star’s total energy to its position within the galaxy, which I contend is a feature of its space density creation ability. Of course all these processes causing the energy balance and thus the space density of the star are homeostatically moderated. Heat is controlled by emission; angular momentum is controlled by “frame dragging“(similar to friction), but also centripetal emission; rotational speed is balanced by various factors affecting the kinetic energy including space density itself and the Doppler effect of special relativity. (Yes, by now you must realise that space is a fabric or medium with drag factors like any other medium) These factors all work together to determine the distance that the star (and its planets) will “float” in its orbit within the General Relativity density framework. When we discussed Galactic Rotational Curves in an earlier chapter, we assumed the maintenance of kinetic energy to determine the expected rotational curves and the observed (slower than expected) was an observational effect of General Relativity or space density. As we can now see, those calculations are really approximations to demonstrate the observational effects of relativity. These homeostatically controlled density factors that we have discussed now are real and complicated and must not be confused with the observational rotational curve discrepancies.

The result of the abovementioned space density maintenance factors keep a star in the specific orbit around the galaxy. Heavy stars will settle close to the black hole and lighter ones further out. As you can imagine a lot more activity is happening closer in, but the more exciting to me is the dynamics further out … this is where the less understood processes of space become the main players. This article is about some of these processes and the further we go out the more speculative things become. We have a grasp of the effect of mass on space and time dilation but further out where space dilates and time shortens we have proposed a Time Barrier of sorts. How does this space merge with that of the next galaxy?

 

Well, I would contend that the same principles of space density must apply. Galaxies will use their homeostatic space warping abilities to determine their positions relative to each other. I would be very surprised if these galaxies do not form part of a larger rotational frame because rotation has these wonderful homeostatic processes that provide known methods of interaction. At some point however the energy of space MAY diminish and the previously discussed Time barrier MAY designate the edge of the energy dominated space. On the other hand however “energy is all there is” and the very meaning of existence becomes a question of whether there is energy out there or not. This is where the speculation of “bubble” universes becomes a possibility. The time barrier MAY define the extent of the bubble and the next concentration of energy may be far enough away to also have a homeostatic “Bubble”. Perhaps a friend of mine was rights when he suggested that there is probably a Wimpy Bar there!!!!!!